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Python 中的 eval 方法?

pythonserver side programmingprogramming更新于 2024/1/24 6:14:00

Python eval() 方法用于将表达式字符串解析为 Python 表达式，然后在程序中运行 Python 表达式。

语法

一般的 Python eval() 方法语法是，

eval(expression, globals=None, locals=None)

其中:

  • expression:必需的字符串参数，这是被解析并作为 Python 表达式执行的表达式字符串。

  • globals:可选参数是用于指定可执行表达式的字典。如果没有明确提及，则可以使用标准内置方法，如‘__builtins__’:None 元素。

  • locals:可选参数，用于指定 eval() 函数可用的局部变量和方法。

现在为了更好地理解 eval() 方法，让我们通过不同的例子来理解它。

简单的 eval() 方法

str1 = 'Hello'
print(eval('str1 =="Hello"'))
print(eval('str1 + ", Python"'))

输出

True
Hello, Python

带有用户输入的 Python eval() 方法

from math import *
for l in range(1,3):
   func = input("Enter Math Function to Evaluate:\n")
   try:
      print(eval(func))
      except Exception as ex:
      print(ex)
      break
print('Done')

输出

Enter Math Function to Evaluate:
abs(-42)
42
Enter Math Function to Evaluate:
max(12, 3, 4 , 2, 17)
17
Done

Python eval() 全局和局部

在了解我们需要传递给 eval() 方法的函数之前，让我们获取全局和局部范围内存在的所有函数和变量的列表。

from math import *
def square_root(n):
   return sqrt(n)
# 将当前全局符号表打印为字典
print('List of Global symbols:\n',globals())
# 将当前本地符号表打印为字典
print('\nList of Local symbol:\n',locals())
# 打印当前本地范围内的名称列表
print('\nList of names in current local scope:\n',dir())

输出

List of Global symbols:
{'__name__': '__main__',
'__doc__': None,
'__package__': None,
'__loader__': <class '_frozen_importlib.BuiltinImporter'>,
'__spec__': None, '__annotations__': {},
'__builtins__': <module 'builtins' (built-in)>,
'__file__': 'C:/Python/Python361/eval_example1.py',
'acos': <built-in function acos>,
'acosh': <built-in function acosh>,
'asin': <built-in function asin>,
'asinh': <built-in function asinh>,
'atan': <built-in function atan>,
'atan2': <built-in function atan2>,
'atanh': <built-in function atanh>,
'ceil': <built-in function ceil>,
'copysign': <built-in function copysign>,
'cos': <built-in function cos>,
'cosh': <built-in function cosh>,
'degrees': <built-in function degrees>,
'erf': <built-in function erf>,
'erfc': <built-in function erfc>,
'exp': <built-in function exp>,
'expm1': <built-in function expm1>,
'fabs': <built-in function fabs>,
'factorial': <built-in function factorial>,
'floor': <built-in function floor>,
'fmod': <built-in function fmod>,
'frexp': <built-in function frexp>,
'fsum': <built-in function fsum>,
'gamma': <built-in function gamma>,
'gcd': <built-in function gcd>,
'hypot': <built-in function hypot>,
'isclose': <built-in function isclose>,
'isfinite': <built-in function isfinite>,
'isinf': <built-in function isinf>,
'isnan': <built-in function isnan>,
'ldexp': <built-in function ldexp>,
'lgamma': <built-in function lgamma>,
'log': <built-in function log>,
'log1p': <built-in function log1p>,
'log10': <built-in function log10>,
'log2': <built-in function log2>,
'modf': <built-in function modf>,
'pow': <built-in function pow>,
'radians': <built-in function radians>,
'sin': <built-in function sin>,
'sinh': <built-in function sinh>,
'sqrt': <built-in function sqrt>,
'tan': <built-in function tan>,
'tanh': <built-in function tanh>,
'trunc': <built-in function trunc>,
'pi': 3.141592653589793,
'e': 2.718281828459045,
'tau': 6.283185307179586,
'inf': inf,
'nan': nan,
'square_root': <function square_root at 0x055246F0>
}

List of Local symbols:
{'__name__': '__main__', '__doc__': None,
'__package__': None,
'__loader__': <class '_frozen_importlib.BuiltinImporter'>,
'__spec__': None, '__annotations__': {},
'__builtins__': <module 'builtins' (built-in)>,
'__file__': 'C:/Python/Python361/eval_example1.py',
'acos': <built-in function acos>,
'acosh': <built-in function acosh>,
'asin': <built-in function asin>,
'asinh': <built-in function asinh>,
'atan': <built-in function atan>,
'atan2': <built-in function atan2>,
'atanh': <built-in function atanh>,
'ceil': <built-in function ceil>,
'copysign': <built-in function copysign>,
'cos': <built-in function cos>,
'cosh': <built-in function cosh>,
'degrees': <built-in function degrees>,
'erf': <built-in function erf>,
'erfc': <built-in function erfc>,
'exp': <built-in function exp>,
'expm1': <built-in function expm1>,
'fabs': <built-in function fabs>,
'factorial': <built-in function factorial>,
'floor': <built-in function floor>,
'fmod': <built-in function fmod>,
'frexp': <built-in function frexp>,
'fsum': <built-in function fsum>,
'gamma': <built-in function gamma>,
'gcd': <built-in function gcd>,
'hypot': <built-in function hypot>,
'isclose': <built-in function isclose>,
'isfinite': <built-in function isfinite>,
'isinf': <built-in function isinf>,
'isnan': <built-in function isnan>,
'ldexp': <built-in function ldexp>,
'lgamma': <built-in function lgamma>,
'log': <built-in function log>,
'log1p': <built-in function log1p>,
'log10': <built-in function log10>,
'log2': <built-in function log2>,
'modf': <built-in function modf>,
'pow': <built-in function pow>,
'radians': <built-in function radians>,
'sin': <built-in function sin>,
'sinh': <built-in function sinh>,
'sqrt': <built-in function sqrt>,
'tan': <built-in function tan>,
'tanh': <built-in function tanh>,
'trunc': <built-in function trunc>,
'pi': 3.141592653589793,
'e': 2.718281828459045,
'tau': 6.283185307179586,
'inf': inf,
'nan': nan,
'square_root': <function square_root at 0x055246F0>
}

List of names in current local scope:
['__annotations__',
'__builtins__',
'__doc__',
'__file__',
'__loader__',
'__name__',
'__package__',
'__spec__',
'acos', 'acosh',
'asin', 'asinh',
'atan', 'atan2', 'atanh',
'ceil', 'copysign', 'cos',
'cosh', 'degrees', 'e',
'erf', 'erfc', 'exp',
'expm1', 'fabs',
'factorial', 'floor',
'fmod', 'frexp', 'fsum',
'gamma', 'gcd', 'hypot',
'inf', 'isclose', 'isfinite',
'isinf', 'isnan', 'ldexp',
'lgamma', 'log', 'log10',
'log1p', 'log2', 'modf', 'nan',
'pi', 'pow', 'radians', 'sin',
'sinh', 'sqrt', 'square_root',
'tan', 'tanh', 'tau', 'trunc'
]

下面我们可以看到，我们可以在 eval 函数中将全局值指定为空字典:

>>> print(eval('dir()', {}))
['__builtins__']

让我们看另一个例子，我们只允许访问数学模块中的几个方法。

from math import *
for l in range(1, 4):
   func = input("Enter Math Function to Evaluate.\nAllowed Functions are: abs(x) and pow(x,y):\n")
   try:
      print(eval(func, {'absolute': abs, 'pow': pow}))
      except Exception as ex:
      print(ex)
      break
print('Done')

输出

Enter Math Function to Evaluate.
Allowed Functions are: abs(x) and pow(x,y):
abs(-74)
74
Enter Math Function to Evaluate.
Allowed Functions are: abs(x) and pow(x,y):
pow(2,7)
128.0
Enter Math Function to Evaluate.
Allowed Functions are: abs(x) and pow(x,y):
sqrt(47)
name 'sqrt' is not defined
Done

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